Amino Acid Derivatives (氨基酸衍生物)

Amino Acid Derivatives are bioactive molecules formed through chemical modifications or metabolic transformations of amino acids. They are widely present in living organisms and play crucial roles in physiological, psychological, and athletic performance.
The functions of these derivatives primarily include enhancing energy supply, regulating neurotransmitters, promoting fat metabolism, and reducing muscle damage. For example, creatine can increase muscle strength, enhance ATP resynthesis, and improve short-duration high-intensity exercise performance; tyrosine, as a precursor of dopamine and norepinephrine, helps enhance cognitive function and improve mood, particularly in sleep deprivation conditions, exhibiting anti-fatigue effects; carnitine facilitates fatty acid oxidation in the heart and skeletal muscles, improving endurance performance; HMB (β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate) reduces muscle breakdown and promotes muscle mass gain; while taurine exhibits antioxidant and antihypertensive properties and reduces oxidative stress induced by exercise.
Metabolic abnormalities or improper supplementation of amino acid derivatives may be associated with various diseases. For instance, tyrosine metabolism disorders can disrupt neurotransmitter balance, potentially leading to depression or stress-related disorders; elevated ADMA (asymmetric dimethylarginine) levels can inhibit nitric oxide synthesis, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases; carnitine deficiency is linked to certain genetic muscle disorders, impairing fat metabolism and energy production. Additionally, HMB may help slow muscle loss under specific conditions, while taurine intake is associated with improved cardiovascular health. Although some of the effects of these derivatives remain debated, they hold significant potential applications in sports nutrition, neurological regulation, and metabolic health.